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Formation Evaluation

Background

Geological Controls on Rock Properties

  • Mineralogy
  • Sediment Texture (Grain Size and Sorting)
  • Compaction and Cementation
  • Evaluation Techniques (thin-section, SEM, XRD)

Introduction to the Logging Tools

  • Logging While Drilling
  • Open Hole Wireline Logging
  • Cased Hole Logging

Idealised Workflow

Based on a clastic sequence. Ideally conducted on one dataset (wireline, CCA and SCAL). Calculations performed in Excel to allow quick and easy experimentation with input parameters.

Quicklook Log Interpretation - Operations

  • Quality Control
  • Identifying the Reservoir
  • Identifying the fluid type and contacts
  • Calculating Porosity
  • Calculating Hydrocarbon Saturation
  • Pressure / Fluid Sampling
  • Permeability Determination
  • Presenting the Results

Conventional and Special Core Analysis

  • Cores and Cuttings
  • Cuttings Analysis
  • Porosity and Permeability
  • Fluid Saturations (Extraction and Capillary Pressure)
  • Reservoir Conditions

Final Interpretation

  • Net Sand Definition
  • Porosity Calculation
  • Archie Saturation
  • Permeability

Further Studies - Single Wells

Advanced Log Interpretation

Situations beyond the simple clastic example outlined above.

  • Shaly Sand Analysis
  • Carbonates - Fractures
  • Multi-Mineral / Statistical Models
  • NMR Logging
  • Thin Beds
  • Thermal Decay Neutron Interpretation

Integration with Seismic

Showing how the formation evaluation is calibrated to the seismic and extended beyond the well.

  • Synthetic Seismograms
  • Fluid replacement modelling
  • Acoustic / Elastic Impedance Modelling

Reservoir Engineering

Summary of the input of engineering parameters to the formation evaluation process.

  • Behaviour of Gases
  • Behaviour of Oil / Wet Gas Reservoirs
  • Material Balance
  • Darcy's Law
  • Well Testing (Drill Stem, RFT, Leak-Off, Interference etc)

Rock Properties Distribution

Consideration of how the key formation evaluation rock properties might be extended beyond the well control.

  • Porosity (2D interpolation, seismic data integration, 3D modelling)
  • Water Saturation (direct mapping, water saturation / porosity relationship, capillary pressure functions, 3D water saturations)
  • Net Pay (2D, seismic integration, 3D)
  • Permeability (2D and 3D modelling)